Abnormal process loss

It is defined as the loss in excess of the pre-determined loss.
This type of loss may occur due to the carelessness of workers, a bad plant design or
operation etc. Such a loss cannot obviously be estimated in advance. But it can be kept under
control by taking suitable measures. The cost of an abnormal process loss unit is equal to the
cost of a good unit. The total cost of abnormal process loss is credited to the process account
from which it arise. Cost of abnormal process loss is not treated as a part of the cost of the
product. In fact, the total cost of abnormal process loss is debited to costing profit and loss
account.

Normal process loss

It is defined as the loss of material which is inherent in the
nature of work. Such a loss can be reasonably anticipated from the nature of the material,
nature of operation, the experience and technical data. The cost of normal process loss in
practice is absorbed by good units produced under the process. The amount realised by
the sale of normal process loss units should be credited to the process account.

TREATMENT OF NORMAL PROCESS LOSS, ABNORMAL PROCESS LOSS AND

Loss of material is inherent during processing operation. The loss of material under different
processes arises due to reasons like evaporation or a change in the moisture content etc.
Process loss is defined as the loss of material arising during the course of a processing
operation and is equal to the difference between the input quantity of the material and its
output.

Costing Procedure

The Cost of each process comprises the cost of :
(i) Materials (ii) Labour
(iii) Direct expenses, and (iv) Overheads of production.
Materials - Materials and supplies which are required for each process are drawn against
material requisitions from stores. Each process for which the above drawn materials will be
used should be debited with the cost of materials consumed on the basis of the information
received from the Cost Accounting department. The finished product of first process generally
become the raw materials of second process; under such a situation the account of second
process, be debited with the cost of transfer from the first process and the cost of any
additional material required under this second process.

Basic features

Industries, where process costing can be applied, have normally
one or more of the following features :
1. Each plant or factory is divided into a number of processes, cost centres or departments,
and each such division is a stage of production or a process.
2. Manufacturing activity is carried on continuously by means of one or more process run
sequentially, selectively or parallely.
3. The output of one process becomes the input of another process.

MEANING OF PROCESS COSTING

Process Costing is a method of Costing used in industries where the material has to pass
through two or more processes for being converted into a final product. It is defined as “a
method of Cost Accounting whereby costs are charged to processes or operations and
averaged over units produced”. Such type of costing method is useful in the manufacturing of
products like steel, soap, chemicals, rubber, vegetable oil, paints, varnish etc. where the
production process is continuous and the output of one process becomes the input of the
following process till completion.

MULTIPLE COSTING

It refers to the method of costing followed by a business wherein a large variety of articles
are produced, each differing from the other both in regard to material required and
process of manufacture. In such cases, cost of each article is computed separately by
using, generally, two or more methods of costing. For instance, for ascertaining the cost
of a bicycle, cost of each part will be ascertained by using batch or job costing method
and, then the cost of assembling the parts will be ascertained by following the method of
single or output costing.